Authors:	Oftadeh, Sara Bahram, Abbas Yaali, Rasoul Ghadiri, Farhad Schöllhorn, Wolfgang I.
Title:	External focus or differential learning : is there an additive effect on learning a Futsal goal kick?
Online publication date:	20-Oct-2022
Year of first publication:	2022
Language:	english
Abstract:	(1) Background: How to optimally promote the process of acquiring and learning a new motor skill is still one of the fundamental questions often raised in training and movement science, rehabilitation, and physical education. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of differential learning (DL) and the elements of OPTIMAL theory on learning a goal-kicking skill in futsal, especially under the conditions of external and internal foci. (2) Methods: A total of 40 female beginners were randomly assigned to, and equally distributed among, five different interventions. Within a pretest and post-test design, with retention and transfer tests, participants practiced for 12 weeks, involving two 20-min sessions per week. The tests involved a kicking skill test. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences with large effect sizes were found between differential learning (DL) with an external focus, DL with an internal focus, DL with no focus, traditional training with an external focus, and traditional training with control groups in the post-, retention, and transfer tests. (4) Conclusions: The results indicate the clear advantages of DL. It is well worth putting further efforts into investigating a more differentiated application of instructions combined with exercises for DL.
DDC:	300 Sozialwissenschaften 300 Social sciences
Institution:	Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Department:	FB 02 Sozialwiss., Medien u. Sport
Place:	Mainz
ROR:	https://ror.org/023b0x485
DOI:	http://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-7973
Version:	Published version
Publication type:	Zeitschriftenaufsatz
Document type specification:	Scientific article
License:	CC BY
Information on rights of use:	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Journal:	International journal of environmental research and public health 19 1
Pages or article number:	317
Publisher:	MDPI AG
Publisher place:	Basel
Issue date:	2022
ISSN:	1660-4601
Publisher URL:	https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010317
Publisher DOI:	10.3390/ijerph19010317
Appears in collections:	DFG-491381577-G