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  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Homorepeat variability within the human population
    (2024) Mier, Pablo; Andrade-Navarro, Miguel A.; Morett, Enrique
    Genetic variation within populations plays a crucial role in driving evolution. Unlike the average protein sequence, the evolution of homorepeats can be influenced by DNA replication slippage, when DNA polymerases either add or skip repeats of nucleotides. While there are some diseases known to be caused by abnormal changes in the length of amino acid homorepeats, naturally occurring variations in homorepeat length remain relatively unexplored. In our study, we examined the variation in amino acid homorepeat length of human individuals by analyzing 125 748 exomes, as well as 15 708 whole genomes. Our analyses revealed significant variability in homorepeat length across the human population, indicating that these motifs are prone to mutations at higher rates than non repeat sequences. We focused our study on glutamine homorepeats, also known as polyQ sequences, and found that shorter polyQ sequences tend to exhibit greater length variation, while longer ones primarily undergo deletions. Notably, polyQ sequencesthat are more conserved across primates tend to show less variation within the human population, indicating stronger selective pressure to maintain their length. Overall, our results demonstrate that there is large natural variation in the length of homorepeats within the human population, with no apparent impact on observable traits.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    DORQ-seq : high-throughput quantification of femtomol tRNA pools by combination of cDNA hybridization and Deep sequencing
    (2024) Kristen, Marco; Lander, Marc; Kilz, Lea-Marie; Gleue, Lukas; Jörg, Marko; Bregeon, Damien; Hamdane, Djemel; Marchand, Virginie; Motorin, Yuri; Friedland, Kristina; Helm, Mark
    Due to its high modification content tRNAs are notoriously hard to quantify by reverse transcription and RNAseq. Bypassing numerous biases resulting from concatenation of enzymatic treatments, we here report a hybrid approach that harnesses the advantages of hybridization-based and deep sequencing–based approaches. The method renders obsolete any RNAseq related workarounds and correction factors that affect accuracy, sensitivity, and turnaround time. Rather than by reverse transcription, quantitative information on the isoacceptor composition of a tRNA pool is transferred to a cDNA mixture in a single step procedure, thereby omitting all enzymatic conversations except for the subsequent barcoding PCR. As a result, a detailed tRNA composition matrix can be obtained from femtomolar amounts of total tRNA. The method is fast, low in cost, and its bioinformatic data workup surprisingly simple. These properties make the approach amenable to high-throughput investigations including clinical samples, as we have demonstrated by application to a collection of variegated biological questions, each answered with novel findings. These include tRNA pool quantification of polysome-bound tRNA, of tRNA modification knockout strains under stress conditions, and of Alzheimer patients’ brain tissues.
  • ItemSammelbandOpen Access
    Translating science in the 18th and 19th centuries : interdisciplinary perspectives
    (2025) Martin, Alison E; Pickford, Susan
    This book explores the role of translation in shaping the knowledge-sharing processes that were and are seminal to scientific endeavour. It considers the mechanisms by which eighteenth- and nineteenth-century European science writing travelled within and beyond its home continent and non- European science was taken up in a colonial context. Using insights from fields of research including book history and textual studies to investigate the paratextual framing, stylistic choices, rhetorical devices, and modes of expression deployed by scientific writers – key to shaping a work’s credibility and its author’s integrity –it argues that translators are central, yet largely overlooked, mediators in this creative process. Encompassing West Africa, China, the Middle East, India, South America, Europe, and the Ottoman Empire, this volume comprises case studies working with around a dozen different languages to gain a sense of how scientific narratives were evolving both within and across an increasingly global intellectual commons in a key period in the development of the natural sciences, medicine, and technology. Part of the Science and Technology Studies series, the volume will be indispensable for scholars and researchers of science and technology studies, philosophy of science, translation studies, gender studies, English literature, and philosophy in general.
  • ItemMonographieOpen Access
    Kämpfer auf dem Schlachtfeld – Kämpfer in den Texten : Schlachtenschilderungen in den historiografischen Quellen des 14. und beginnenden 15. Jahrhunderts
    (2024) Wiedmaier, Helen
    Anhand der Schlacht am Morgarten (1315) sowie der Schlachten von Gammelsdorf (1313), Mühldorf (1322) und Sempach (1389) untersucht Helen Wiedmaier exemplarisch, wie in der spätmittelalterlichen Historiographie Schlachten beschrieben und Männer als Kämpfer konstruiert wurden. Dafür werden die Schlachtenschilderungen in den Chroniken als Erzählungen verstanden und mittels narratologischer Analyseinstrumente untersucht. Die gewählten Schlachten bieten sich für eine solche Untersuchung aufgrund ihrer reichhaltigen Überlieferung an, da in allen Fällen die Perspektive der Sieger und Besiegten weitergegeben wurde, was die Möglichkeit bietet, unterschiedliche Intentionen und deren Umsetzung als Erzählungen zu untersuchen und zu vergleichen.
  • ItemSammelbandOpen Access
    Victors and vanquished in the Euro-Mediterranean : dealing with victory and defeat in the Middle Ages
    (2024) Pahlitzsch, Johannes; Rogge, Jörg
    The volume presents a comparative perspective on victors and vanquished according to the categories of remembering victory and defeat, practices of celebrating victory and triumphs as well as the culture of dealing with the vanquished. Specifically, the representation of victory and defeat in Byzantine literature of the 10th–12th centuries is contrasted with commemorative practices in early Russia, and the reflection of military events in courtly music of the 15th century is examined. In addition, the practices of celebrating victories in England in the High and Late Middle Ages are explored, as is the treatment of the defeated and the subjugated in the Frankish Empire of the 9th century, in Norman southern Italy and in Byzantium.
  • ItemMonographieOpen Access
    Die ›Kriegshistoriographie‹ des Orosius : ›Krieg‹ als Argumentationsmotiv in einem spätantiken christlichen Geschichtswerk
    (2025) Ulrich, Sonja
    Durch seine Art von historischer Darstellung will Orosius zeigen, dass das Christentum nicht verantwortlich ist für die Katastrophe seiner Zeit, die Plünderung Roms im Jahr 410 n. Chr. In ihrer Untersuchung nimmt die Autorin die zahlreichen Kriegsbeschreibungen des Orosius systematisch in den Blick. Dabei zeigt sich, wie Orosius durch seine Zusammenstellungen die vorchristliche Geschichte als Aneinanderreihung von Grausamkeit, Tod und Blutvergießen präsentieren kann, mit Eintreten der christlichen Zeit aber weitere Kriege und Unglücke stark von diesem vorigen Bild absetzt. Die christlichen Goten, die am Ende in Rom einfallen, verwandeln die Plünderung in eine heilige Prozession. Kriegerische Erfolge und bessere Zustände stehen so nach Orosius für die Überlegenheit des christlichen Glaubens.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    N-[(1Z)-Cyclo­dec-5-yn-1-yl­­idene]hydroxyl­amine
    (2025) Detert, Heiner; Schollmeyer, Dieter
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
  • ItemSammelbandOpen Access
    Humandifferenzierung im Vergleich
    (2025) Hirschauer, Stefan; Hofmann, Peter; Friedrichs, Anne; Schabacher, Gabriele
    Menschen sind laufend in Prozesse einseitiger oder wechselseitiger Kategorisierung involviert. Sie unterscheiden sich sowohl voneinander – etwa im Hinblick auf Alter, Geschlecht, Herkunft, Leistung, Konfession etc. – als auch von nicht-menschlichen Entitäten wie Tieren, Göttern oder Artefakten. Verstehen kann man einzelne Formen solcher Humandifferenzierungen jedoch nur, wenn man sie systematisch mit anderen Formen vergleicht. Wie solche Vergleiche konzeptuell anzulegen sind und empirisch durchgeführt werden können, ist Thema des vorliegenden transdisziplinär ausgerichteten Bandes.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Measuring appreciation made EA-SI-the development of a short scale to measure experienced appreciation in social interactions at work
    (2025) Resch, Maximilian Stefan; Nagelmann, Elena; Bellhäuser, Henrik
    Experienced appreciation at work is incongruently defined and measured in the scientific literature. Therefore, this article aims to give an overview of different definitions and measures of experienced appreciation at work to clarify the confusing state of research. Then, the new construct, Experienced Appreciation in Social Interactions (EA-SI) at Work, is introduced to counter the incongruency in defining experienced appreciation at work and to provide a reliable and comparable operationalization of the construct. In a second step, the article aims to develop and validate a short scale to measure EA-SI more time-efficiently. To do so, the instrument is derived from the original EA-SI Work Scale considering confirmatory factor analyses, artificial intelligence, and the evaluation of naïve and expert judges based on a sample of N = 391 employees. Subsequently, the EA-SI Work Scale (short) – including k = 4 items each for colleagues and supervisors as a source of experienced appreciation – is validated in a second independent sample with N = 323 participants. The assumptions of its theoretical framework (the Stress as Offense to Self-theory) and the relations between EA-SI and employee work engagement and burnout were tested to validate the short scale. Additionally, its internal consistency, convergent, and discriminant validity were determined. Social support was added as a control variable to test for EA-SI’s incremental predictive value. The results highlight the unidimensional structure of EA-SI and point toward high reliability and validity of the short scale. Conclusively, the limitations and implications of the findings are discussed.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in vertebrate tissues vary by diet type
    (2025) Reynard, Linda M.; Leichliter, Jennifer N.; Winkler, Daniela E.; Clauss, Marcus; Tütken, Thomas
    Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in proteinaceous tissues have been used for some time in migratory, ecological, and archaeological studies. While the result of isotopic variation in drinking water and diet has been investigated with controlled feeding experiments and studies in the wild, there are few controlled feeding studies that manipulate the diet components and diet type, and this across different taxa. In this experiment, the diet fed to rats, guinea pigs, and quail varied from plant-based to insect-based and meat-based pelleted diets. We report the diet to tissue offsets for δ2H (denoted Δδ2H) and δ18O (Δδ18O) of tissue-bound organic matter in two tissue types: muscle and dentine collagen. The diet to tissue offset varies by diet type in muscle of all three species, by up to 16 ‰ (Δδ2H) and 2 ‰ (Δδ18O). In dentine collagen, a range of ~20 ‰ in Δδ2H and ~1.5 ‰ in Δδ18O are observed across diets, though in a smaller number of samples. Additionally, we note large variation in Δδ2H and Δδ18O by tissue type (δ2H = ~60 ‰, δ18O = ~3–4 ‰) and more moderate differences by species (up to δ2H = 7.4 ‰, δ18O = 1.5 ‰). The difference in consumer tissue Δδ2H and Δδ18O by diet type is important to consider as a source of isotopic variability for some studies such as migratory research or diet or drinking water reconstructions and (palaeo-)climate inferences drawn from them, particularly in species that may vary their dietary habits.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Reaching the voters : parties' use of Google Ads in the 2021 German federal election
    (2024) Fitzpatrick, Jasmin; Nostitz, Felix-Christopher von
    Election campaigns during the pandemic showcased the increased use of costly digital campaigning by parties. While many studies focus on the use of Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), and other social networking sites during elections, parties’ use of Google Ads remains widely unstudied. This is surprising given that parties spend a substantial proportion of their budget on Google Ads and Google reports on this spending and other details of the ads in its Transparency Report. Based on the equalisation vs. normalisation thesis, we identify party factors (size, age, government/opposition status, and electoral strongholds) that affect parties’ use of this instrument to a different degree in their campaigns. We aim to highlight parties’ use of Google Ads during the campaigns for the 2021 German Bundestag election, relying on the official data provided via Google’s Ad Library. We discuss both empirical work on the factors that determine the use of Google Ads and conceptual work on the merit and perils of such ads in democratic elections, and we present descriptive and exploratory findings of our deep dive into the archive of Google Ads.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Brain structural associations of syntactic complexity and diversity across schizophrenia spectrum and major depressive disorders, and healthy controls
    (2024) Schneider, Katharina; Alexander, Nina; Jansen, Andreas; Nenadić, Igor; Straube, Benjamin; Teutenberg, Lea; Thomas-Odenthal, Florian; Usemann, Paula; Dannlowski, Udo; Kircher, Tilo; Nagels, Arne; Stein , Frederike
    Deviations in syntax production have been well documented in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Recently, we have shown evidence for transdiagnostic subtypes of syntactic complexity and diversity. However, there is a lack of studies exploring brain structural correlates of syntax across diagnoses. We assessed syntactic complexity and diversity of oral language production using four Thematic Apperception Test pictures in a sample of N = 87 subjects (n = 24 major depressive disorder (MDD), n = 30 SSD patients both diagnosed according to DSM-IV-TR, and n = 33 healthy controls (HC)). General linear models were used to investigate the association of syntax with gray matter volume (GMV), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AD), radial (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD). Age, sex, total intracranial volume, group, interaction of group and syntax were covariates of no interest. Syntactic diversity was positively correlated with the GMV of the right medial pre- and postcentral gyri and with the FA of the left superior-longitudinal fasciculus (temporal part). Conversely, the AD of the left cingulum bundle and the forceps minor were negatively correlated with syntactic diversity. The AD of the right inferior-longitudinal fasciculus was positively correlated with syntactic complexity. Negative associations were observed between syntactic complexity and the FA of the left cingulum bundle, the right superior-longitudinal fasciculus, and the AD of the forceps minor and the left uncinate fasciculus. Our study showed brain structural correlates of syntactic complexity and diversity across diagnoses and HC. This contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between linguistic and neural substrates in syntax production in psychiatric disorders and HC.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Ramadan during pregnancy and offspring age at menarche in Indonesia : a quasi-experimental study
    (2025) Tran, Van My; van Ewijk, Reyn; Pradella, Fabienne
    Background/Objectives: Animal models have suggested a link between maternal nutrition and offspring pubertal onset. Due to ethical and practical concerns, human studies on this topic remained scarce and focused on extreme nutritional shocks in high-income settings, such as Dutch famine. This paper expands on these findings by investigating the effects of a milder form of nutritional alteration during pregnancy—Ramadan fasting—in a middle-income context, Indonesia. We use offspring age at menarche (AAM) as an indicator of pubertal timing and female reproductive health. Our research has broader implications beyond the Muslim community, as intermittent fasting during pregnancy is also widely practiced by non-Muslims, e.g., meal-skipping. Methods: We used data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993–2014, n = 8081) and Indonesian Demographic and Health Surveys (2002–2007, n = 13,241). OLS and Cox regressions were applied to compare the AAM of female Muslims who were prenatally exposed to Ramadan and those of female Muslims who were not. Exposure was determined based on the overlap between pregnancy and a Ramadan. We further subdivided this overlap into trimester-specific categories, adjusting for urban–rural residence, birth month, birth year, birth year squared, and survey wave. Results: No associations between Ramadan during pregnancy and AAM were found, irrespective of the pregnancy trimester overlapping with Ramadan. These results were stable when we restricted the sample to women with shorter recall periods and younger women at the time of survey. Conclusions: While subtle restrictions in maternal nutrition during pregnancy are critical for offspring health, the impact on menarcheal onset might be limited.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Unlocking the potential of the terrestrial gastropod species Zootecus insularis as a climate archive for arid regions
    (2025) Schmitt, Katharina E.; Proctor, Lucas; Beuzen-Waller, Tara; Schmidt, Conrad; Lindauer, Susanne; Jean, Mathilde; Maiorano, Maria P.; Sauvage, Martin; Swerida, Jennifer; Pietsch, Dana; Schöne, Bernd R.
    Local-scale climate reconstruction in arid regions is challenging due to the scarcity of suitably preserved archives. While several well-studied climate proxy datasets exist for southeastern Arabia, including those preserved in speleothems, sedimentary deposits and paleosoils, and occasionally sediment cores collected for pollen analysis, snails have not yet been explored as a potential archive. This study investigates the potential of the terrestrial gastropod Zootecus insularis collected from geoarchaeological sections as new climate archive for arid environments. Isotope analysis was conducted on specimens from Holocene contexts in Oman to reconstruct long-term climate trends. Previously published water temperatures calculated from oxygen isotope data of Melanoides tuberculata, a freshwater gastropod species found in the same geoarchaeological sections as the terrestrial Zootecus shells, were interpolated to the age of the terrestrial snails, allowing for the recalculation of an oxygen isotope signal used to identify wet or dry periods. The resulting dataset showed a strong correlation with existing paleoclimate datasets from speleothems and paleolakes. Additionally, the δ13C values of Z. insularis indicated a significant shift towards more negative values over time, which probably suggests a transition from C4 grass-dominated vegetation to mixed C4/C3 xerophilic vegetation. This integrated approach suggests that snails could provide a valuable new archive for paleoclimate studies in arid regions.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    The IPCC’s reductive Common Era temperature history
    (2024) Esper, Jan; Smerdon, Jason E.; Anchukaitis, Kevin J.; Allen, Kathryn; Cook, Edward R.; D’Arrigo, Rosanne; Guillet, Sébastien; Ljungqvist, Fredrik C.; Reinig, Frederick; Schneider, Lea; Sigl, Michael; Stoffel, Markus; Trnka, Mirek; Wilson, Rob; Büntgen , Ulf
    Common Era temperature variability has been a prominent component in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports over the last several decades and was twice featured in their Summary for Policymakers. A single reconstruction of mean Northern Hemisphere temperature variability was first highlighted in the 2001 Summary for Policymakers, despite other estimates that existed at the time. Subsequent reports assessed many large-scale temperature reconstructions, but the entirety of Common Era temperature history in the most recent Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was restricted to a single estimate of mean annual global temperatures. We argue that this focus on a single reconstruction is an insufficient summary of our understanding of temperature variability over the Common Era. We provide a complementary perspective by offering an alternative assessment of the state of our understanding in high-resolution paleoclimatology for the Common Era and call for future reports to present a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of our knowledge about this important period of human and climate history.
  • ItemMonographieOpen Access
    Justiz im Umbruch : Die Geschichte des Bundesgerichtshofes 1950 bis 1965. Band 1: das Gericht
    (2025) Kißener, Michael; Roth, Andreas
    Die Geschichte des 1950 gegründeten Bundesgerichtshofes in Karlsruhe ist trotz zahlreicher Detailstudien über sein Personal und seine Rechtsprechung bislang weithin unbekannt. Die zweibändige Publikation ermöglicht nun erstmals einen umfassenden, quellenfundierten Einblick in Aufbau, Funktionsweise und Personal dieses höchsten deutschen Gerichts in Zivil- und Strafsachen für die 1950er und die erste Hälfte der 1960er Jahre. Die Last der NS-Vergangenheit wird dabei genauso ins Blickfeld gerückt wie die Frage nach der Weiterentwicklung des Gerichts und seiner Richterinnen und Richter in den bundesdeutschen Rechtsstaat. Band 2 beleuchtet die frühe Rechtsprechung des Gerichts im Überblick bis 1968 und zeigt in thematischen Schwerpunktsetzungen, wo die Richterinnen und Richter des BGH in tradierten Denkmustern und überkommenen Wertvorstellungen judizierten, wo sie aber andererseits auch einer innovativen Rechtsprechung auf der Grundlage des Grundgesetzes den Weg gebahnt haben. Das Ergebnis einer mehrjährigen interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit zwischen Zeit- und Rechtsgeschichte gibt Antworten auf die Frage, wie und wodurch sich trotz vielfältiger Rückschläge und politischer Belastungen der Richterschaft ein allmählicher Wandel der traditionellen Justiz vollzog.
  • ItemMonographieOpen Access
    Traditionen juristisch-notarieller Textproduktion durch Translation : Zapotekisch-spanische Gerichtsakten in Neu-Spanien
    (2025) Kneifel, Malte
    Dieses Open Access-Buch bietet eine historisch ausgerichtete Untersuchung juristisch-notarieller Dokumente aus Neu-Spanien an der Schnittstelle zwischen romanistischer Textlinguistik und Translationswissenschaft. Konkret wird ein umfassendes Korpus aus Texten der indigenen Selbstverwaltung und Rechtsprechung analysiert, die in einer peripheren Region des kolonialen Mexiko zwischen dem 17. und 18. Jahrhundert in der indigenen Sprache Zapotekisch verfasst und zur Weitergabe an die spanisch-koloniale Gerichtsbarkeit ins Spanische übersetzt wurden. Grundlage der Analyse ist ein Modell, das textlinguistische und translationswissenschaftliche Ansätze integriert, darunter das Konzept der Diskurstraditionen und die Descriptive Translation Studies. Die Untersuchung liefert Erkenntnisse über die Entstehung und Entwicklung konkreter Traditionen der Produktion von Fachtexten innerhalb eines komplexen historischen Kontextes, für die Translation sowie deren Rezeption und Antizipation einen wesentlichen treibenden Faktor darstellen. Das Buch bietet damit nicht nur eine linguistische Aufarbeitung von aus dieser Perspektive bisher wenig bearbeiteten historischen, mehrsprachigen Dokumenten der spanischen Kolonialzeit, sondern trägt auch zu einer Integration von (romanistisch-)textlinguistischen und translationswissenschaftlichen Theorien für die Anwendung in konkreten historischen Forschungen bei. Es richtet sich somit an alle am Forschungsgegenstand Interessierten sowie an Textlinguist*innen und Translationswissenschaftler*innen, die ihr Forschungsfeld an ebendieser Schnittstelle verorten.
  • ItemZeitschriftenaufsatzOpen Access
    Peptidyl nitroalkene inhibitors of main protease rationalized by computational and crystallographic investigations as antivirals against SARS-CoV-2
    (2024) Medrano, Francisco J.; de la Hoz-Rodríguez, Sergio; Martí, Sergio; Arafet, Kemel; Schirmeister, Tanja; Hammerschmidt, Stefan J.; Müller, Christin; González-Martínez, Águeda; Santillana, Elena; Ziebuhr, John; Romero, Antonio; Zimmer, Collin; Weldert, Annabelle; Zimmermann, Robert; Lodola, Alessio; Świderek, Katarzyna; Moliner, Vicent; González, Florenci V.
    The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to represent a global public health issue. The viral main protease (Mpro) represents one of the most attractive targets for the development of antiviral drugs. Herein we report peptidyl nitroalkenes exhibiting enzyme inhibitory activity against Mpro (Ki: 1–10 μM) good anti-SARS-CoV-2 infection activity in the low micromolar range (EC50: 1–12 μM) without significant toxicity. Additional kinetic studies of compounds FGA145, FGA146 and FGA147 show that all three compounds inhibit cathepsin L, denoting a possible multitarget effect of these compounds in the antiviral activity. Structural analysis shows the binding mode of FGA146 and FGA147 to the active site of the protein. Furthermore, our results illustrate that peptidyl nitroalkenes are effective covalent reversible inhibitors of the Mpro and cathepsin L, and that inhibitors FGA145, FGA146 and FGA147 prevent infection against SARS-CoV-2. Similar content bein