JGU-Publikationen
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Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Single-device offset-free magnetic field sensing with tunable sensitivity and linear range based on spin-orbit torques(2023) Koraltan, Sabri; Schmitt, Christin; Bruckner, Florian; Abert, Claas; Prügl, Klemens; Kirsch, Michael; Gupta, Rahul; Zeilinger, Sebastian; Salazar-Mejia, Joshua M.; Agrawal, Milan; Güttinger, Johannes; Satz, Armin; Jakob, Gerhard; Kläui, Mathias; Suess, DieterWe propose a novel device concept that uses spin-orbit torques to realize a magnetic field sensor, where we eliminate the sensor offset using a differential measurement concept. We derive a simple analytical formulation for the sensor signal and demonstrate its validity with numerical investigations using macrospin simulations. The sensitivity and the measurable linear sensing range in the proposed concept can be tuned by varying the effective magnetic anisotropy or the magnitude of the injected currents. We show that undesired perturbation fields normal to the sensitive direction preserve the zero-offset property and only slightly modulate the sensitivity of the proposed sensor. Higher harmonic voltage analysis on a Hall cross experimentally confirms the linearity and tunability via current strength. Additionally, the sensor exhibits a nonvanishing offset in the experiment, which we mostly attribute to the anomalous Nernst effect.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Noise-based local learning using stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions(2025) Koenders, Kees; Schnitzpan, Leo; Kammerbauer, Fabian; Shu, Sinan; Jakob, Gerhard; Kläui, Mathias; Mentink, Johan H.; Ahmad, Nasir; van Gerven, MarcelBrain-inspired learning in physical hardware has enormous potential for rapid learning with minimal energy expenditure. One of the characteristics of biological learning systems is their ability to learn in the presence of various noise sources. Inspired by this observation, we introduce a noise-based learning approach for physical systems implementing multilayer neural networks. Simulation results show that our approach allows for effective learning with a performance approaching that of the conventional backpropagation algorithm, which is effective but has a high energy cost. Using a spintronics hardware implementation, we demonstrate experimentally that learning can be achieved in a small network composed of physical stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions. These results provide a path toward efficient learning in general physical systems that embraces rather than mitigates the noise inherent in physical devices.Item Quellenedition Open Access »… den Generalbass recht nach der Kunst zu schlagen« : die Generalbasslehre im Aschaffenburger Clavierbuch(2025) Anonymus; Petersen, Birger; Stein, Markus; Hochschule für Musik MainzDas Aschaffenburger Clavierbuch ist eines der wenigen erhaltenen Manuskripte aus der Zeit um 1700, das nahezu alle zum damaligen Studienrepertoire für Tasteninstrumente zählenden Bereiche umfasst: Der dem Kurmainzer Umfeld in Aschaffenburg zuzurechnende Hauptschreiber des Manuskripts stellte viele anonym und hier erstmalig überlieferte Werke mit besonders wertvollen Klavierkompositionen aus verbreiteten Druckwerken seiner Zeit etwa von Johann Kuhnau oder Johann Pachelbel zusammen, kopierte Generalbassübungen aus der in Süddeutschland verbreiteteten Chirologia von Justinus Will und fügte als Exempla Sätze aus zwei Liedsammlungen des späten 17. Jahrhunderts unter anderem von Laurentius von Schnüffis und Jakob Kremberg hinzu. Die Edition der Generalbasslehre und der Lieder des Bands im Open Access im Rahmen der Schriftenreihe der Hochschule für Musik Mainz ergänzt eine Edition der Clavierkompositionen in der Reihe »Musik am Mittelrhein« (Mainz 2025).Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Multimodal web-based telerehabilitation for patients with post–COVID-19 condition : protocol for a randomized controlled trial(2025) Tomaskovic, Aleksandar; Weber, Vincent; Ochmann, David T.; Neuberger, Elmo Wanja; Lachtermann, Ella; Brahmer, Alexandra; Haller, Nils; Hillen, Barlo; Enders, Kira; Eggert, Viktoria; Zeier, Peter; Lieb, Klaus; Simon, Perikles; Weber, Vincent; Ochmann, David; Neuberger, Elmo Wanja; Lachtermann, Ella; Brahmer, Alexandra; Haller, Nils; Hillen, Barlo; Enders, Kira; Eggert, Viktoria; Zeier, Peter; Lieb, Klaus; Simon, PeriklesBackground: Patients with post–COVID-19 condition (PCC) experience persistent, long-term health consequences following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including fatigue, hyperventilation, cognitive impairment, and limitations in daily activities. There is emerging evidence suggesting that exercise and respiratory therapy–based telerehabilitation is safe and could potentially improve physical capacity while reducing health care costs. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the superiority of a multimodal, symptom-titrated telerehabilitation program over standard care in patients with PCC who are severely affected, using the highest oxygen uptake rate (VO2peak [mL/min/kg]) achieved during the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (VE/VCO2 [full slope]) as primary outcomes. In addition, this study seeks to provide novel insights into the clinical and physiological adaptations associated with PCC, informing future rehabilitation strategies. Methods: This prospective, randomized, waitlist-controlled trial was approved by the Rhineland-Palatinate Medical Association ethics committee. All procedures comply with the Declaration of Helsinki. This study comprises 3 examination time points, which include patient-reported outcomes, clinical assessments, and a CPET. It is structured into an 8-week intervention phase followed by an 8-week follow-up phase. Following baseline assessment, patients will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). During the intervention phase, IG participants will receive a web-based, multimodal, symptom-titrated telerehabilitation program consisting of sports medicine consultations, weekly teleconsultations, a structured pacing approach, and exercise and respiratory therapy. In contrast, CG participants will receive treatment as usual, which includes a single sports medicine consultation on healthy habits and a self-directed pacing approach for managing symptoms and daily activities. During the follow-up phase, IG participants will continue training independently without teleconsultations, whereas CG participants will undergo the same telerehabilitation intervention as the IG. A follow-up assessment will be conducted for both groups to evaluate long-term effects. This study adheres to the SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) guidelines and follows the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template. Results: Recruitment began in August 2023 and was extended until March 2025. As of March 2025, 80 participants have been recruited, and data analysis is ongoing. Final results are expected by December 2025, with a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data anticipated by July 2025. Conclusions: This study is the first randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of multimodal and symptom-titrated telerehabilitation in patients with PCC who are severely affected. The integration of various objective diagnostic systems will provide valuable insights into emerging postviral fatigue syndromes, supporting the development of CPET-based diagnostics, personalized rehabilitation strategies, and future research on long-term telerehabilitation effectiveness. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, professional networks, and patient advocacy groups to ensure scientific, clinical, and public impact.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access The autonomy of sport concept : a scoping review(2025) Smirnova, Viktoriia; Mercado Jaén, Pedro José; Preuss, Holger; Könecke, Thomas; Schubert, Mathias; Chadwick, SimonThe autonomy of sport concept can be considered a fundamental principle within international sport governance. In essence, the principle signifies the right to self-regulation and reflects the ability of sport governing bodies (SGBs) to determine their own structures and rules, free from interference by external actors. Despite growing academic and practitioner interest, there is still no consensus as to what the term “autonomy” exactly means and how widely the principle is (supposed to be) applied in a changing world of sport. This article systematically maps the extent of research on the concept of sport autonomy, including its applications and limitations. Based on the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), our review identified 205 records examining sport autonomy between 1982 and 2024. The results reveal a notable increase in sport autonomy research over the last decade, demonstrating the increasing importance of the topic. The majority of records is non-empirical and focus on international multi-sport governing bodies, highlighting a Western dominated nature on sport autonomy. Based on a qualitative content analysis, we contribute to theory by extending the multidimensional understanding of sport autonomy. Autonomy is a dynamic and multifaceted concept that needs to be studied in the dimensions of the interlinked autonomies. Our findings indicate that the borders between autonomies in sport governance practice are ambiguous, calling for more empirically driven research in future assessments. The great heterogeneity of SGBs requires a sophisticated deconstruction of different dimensions and conceptualisations of autonomy of sport, focusing on autonomy as a spectrum.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Mediating intervention : space, class, and differentiation at Paris North Station(2024) Ullrich, TomThis article focuses on the conditions in which the first Paris North Station was built and debated. The unique special design of its waiting room provides an interesting case, as it was a cause of controversy in the mid-19th century. Using diverse archival sources and representa tions, this paper illustrates a previously undocumented knowledge of design and use practices in the making. It is in the waiting room that the categories of social and travel classes were in jeopardy, and where the humanism of the Saint-Simonian architect Léonce Reynaud collided with the fears of class transgressions that needed to be mediated. My hypothesis is that the design of the station waiting room can be understood as an intervention in habits of urban mobility and in the practice and knowledge of the infrastructure of French railway stations. I argue that this intervention operates both symbolically and materially through a series of mediating architec tural elements such as barriers, walls, and doorsItem Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Simulating Bloch points using micromagnetic and Heisenberg models(2025) Winkler, Thomas Brian; Beg, Marijan; Lang, Martin; Kläui, Mathias; Fangohr, HansItem Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Complexation of Ln(III) Ions by gluconate : joint investigation applying TRLFS, CE-ICP-MS, NMR, and DF calculations(2025) Zenker, Sophie; Lohmann, Janik; Chiorescu, Ion; Krüger, Sven; Kumke, Michael U.; Reich, Tobias; Schmeide, Katja; Kretzschmar, JeromeThe potential of gluconate, a common cement additive, to mobilize lanthanides (used as analogues of actinides) from cement is investigated. For this purpose, complex formation of trivalent lanthanides, Ln(III), (Ln: La, Sm, Eu, Gd, Lu) with gluconate (GLU) was studied applying time-resolved laser-induced luminescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) in combination with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and density functional (DF) calculations. Up to circumneutral conditions, binary complexes form with Ln(III):GLU stoichiometric ratios of 1:1-1:4 depending only on the Ln:GLU ratio, regardless of the concentration regime (micromolar to millimolar). Coordination facilitates via the carboxyl group (C1) and the adjacent hydroxyl group (at C2) forming a five-membered ring chelation motif, with a probable participation of the C3 hydroxyl group. Beyond circumneutral pH, with the exact onset depending on the specific lanthanide, a fundamental change in speciation takes place. Speciation then becomes more complex upon coexistence and interconversion of several (isomeric) complexes concluded to involve one or more deprotonated GLU hydroxyl groups not necessarily participating in coordination.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Distortion-free sampling of ultrabroadband terahertz electric fields by interfacial spin accumulation(2025) Chekhov, Alexander L.; Behovits, Yannic; Heitz, Julius J. F.; Syskaki, Maria-Andromachi; Jaiswal, Samridh; Gueckstock, Oliver; Serrano, Bruno R.; Ruge, Amon; Kredl, Jana; Wolf, Martin; Münzenberg, Markus; Jakob, Gerhard; Kläui, Mathias; Seifert, Tom S.; Kampfrath, TobiasIn spintronics, FM|HM stacks consisting of a ferromagnetic-metal (FM) and a heavy-metal (HM) layer are model systems for spin transport and spin-charge interconversion. To explore their potential as detectors for ultrabroadband terahertz electromagnetic pulses, we measure the transient optical birefringence the terahertz field induces. Notably, the signal component linear in the FM magnetization agrees excellently with the shape of the incident terahertz electric field at 1 to 13 terahertz and beyond. Analysis indicates that the birefringence arises from the terahertz-field–driven spin accumulation at the FM/HM interface through the spin Rashba-Edelstein effect (SREE). Because of spin-momentum locking, the SREE decays by electron momentum relaxation in <10 femtoseconds, substantially faster than a spin-Hall-effect–induced bulk spin accumulation. Our experiment demonstrates straightforward spintronic sampling of intense ultrabroadband terahertz fields with flat amplitude and phase response. Furthermore, it provides temporal signatures of the SREE and can be viewed as a versatile implementation of interface-specific terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Spin Seebeck in the weakly exchange-coupled Van der Waals antiferromagnet across the spin-flip transition(2025) He, Xue; Ding, Shilei; Giil, Hans Gløckner; Wang, Jicheng; Bhukta, Mona; Wu, Mingxing; Shi, Wen; Lin, Zhongchong; Liang, Zhongyu; Yang, Jinbo; Kläui, Mathias; Brataas, Arne; Hou, Yanglong; Wu, RuiSpin Seebeck effect refers to the creation of spin currents due to a temperature gradient in the magnetic materials or across magnet-normal metal interfaces, which can be electrically detected through the inverse spin Hall effect when in contact with heavy metals. It offers fundamental insights into the magnetic properties of materials, including the magnetic phase transition, static magnetic order, and magnon excitations. The behavior of the spin Seebeck effect across the spin-flop transition has been extensively studied, whereas the spin Seebeck effect across the spin-flip transition remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the spin Seebeck effect in a weakly exchange-coupled van der Waals antiferromagnet CrPS4. The spin Seebeck effect increases as the magnetic field increases before the spin-flip transition due to the enhancement of the thermal spin current as a function of the applied field. A peak of spin Seebeck effect is observed at the spin-flip field, which is related to the magnon mode edges across the spin-flip field. Our results extend spin Seebeck effect research to van der Waals antiferromagnets and demonstrate an enhancement of spin Seebeck effect at the spin-flip transition.Item Buchbeitrag Open Access Spiegelungen des American Dream im ›Denkraum Hollywood‹(2020) Wiegmann, EvaItem Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Controllable z-polarized spin current in artificially structured ferromagnetic oxide with strong spin-orbit coupling(2025) Zheng, Dongxing; Xu, Jingkai; Wang, Qingxiao; Liu, Chen; Yang, Tao; Chen, Aitian; Li, Yan; Tang, Meng; Chen, Maolin; Algaidi, Hanin; Jin, Chao; Liu, Kai; Kläui, Mathias; Schwingenschlögl, Udo; Zhang, XixiangRealizing field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin-orbit torques is crucial for developing advanced magnetic memory and logic devices. However, existing methods often involve complex designs or hybrid approaches, which complicates fabrication and affects device stability and scalability. Here, we propose a novel approach using z-polarized spin currents for deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization through interfacial engineering. We fabricate La0.67Sr0.33MnO3-SrIrO3 (LSIMO) thin films with robust spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and ferromagnetic order through orbital and lattice reconstruction, integrating SrIrO3 and La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 materials. Our investigation reveals that y- and z-polarized spin currents, driven by the spin Hall and spin-orbit precession effects, enable field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization. Notably, the z-polarized spin currents are tunable via the in-plane magnetization of LSIMO. These findings present a promising pathway for the development of energy-efficient spintronic devices, offering improved performance and scalability.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Skeletochronology and isotopic analysis of a captive individual of Alligator mississippiensis Daudin, 1802(2009) Klein, Nicole; Scheyer, Torsten; Tütken, ThomasIn the present study, bone histology and isotope composition (C, N, O) of a femur and three postcranial osteoderms from an approximately 23–25 year-old captive female Alli gator mississippiensis Daudin, 1802 were analyzed to infer the recorded life history. The number of visible annual growth marks in the femur cross-section is less than the known age for the individual concerned, this information clearly shows that skeletochronology has certain limits. However, bone histology reflects very well the traceable life history of this individual and its slow growth in early ontogeny. Bone histology on the basis of the osteoderms shows massive remodeling and an only incompletely preserved growth re cord, reflecting the egg-laying status of this individual. Interestingly, the carbon and espe cially the nitrogen isotope compositions of the osteoderms differ from those of the femur. This presumably reflects dietary changes and/or differences in resorption and remodeling processes during tissue formation of these bones. The N, C, and O isotope composition of the femur is consistent with the food and water the alligator had ingested during the last years of its life. Thus, contrary to the osteoderms, the femur yields reliable data for the reconstruction of an individual’s dietary and environmental history.Item Buchbeitrag Open Access Sorge um die Menschen in der Archäologie – tot, lebendig, ich selbst : Anstoß einer Reflexion(2025) Pahl, JohannaDer Beitrag ist eine Reflexion von Johanna Pahl in der Living Publication "Sorge(n) des Lebens: Herausforderungen der Vergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft aus Sicht der Ancient Studies (Mainz 2022)" hrsg. von Stefan Schreiber und Monika Zöller-Engelhardt. Die Publikation umfasst die Proceedings des gleichnamigen Workshops vom 01.07.2022 an der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz im Rahmen der Area T1 (Umsorgtes Leben) innerhalb des Profilbereichs "40,000 Years of Human Challenges. Perception, Conceptualization and Coping in Premodern Societies" und wird konstant erweitert. Für die aktuellsten Aufsätze siehe auch https://sorgen-des-lebens.uni-mainz.deItem Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Valley of Whales, Fayum oasis, Egypt : an Eocene window in the evolution of Cetaceans(2023) Helmy, Hassan M.; Tütken, Thomas; Lotfy, HamzaItem Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Tooth enamel nitrogen isotope composition records trophic position : a tool for reconstructing food webs(2023) Leichliter, Jennifer N.; Lüdecke, Tina; Foreman, Alan D.; Bourgon, Nicolas; Duprey, Nicolas N.; Vonhof, Hubert; Souksavatdy, Viengkeo; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Sigman, Daniel M.; Tuüken, Thomas; Martínez-García, AlfredoNitrogen isotopes are widely used to study the trophic position of animals in modern food webs; however, their application in the fossil record is severely limited by degradation of organic material during fossilization. In this study, we show that the nitrogen isotope com position of organic matter preserved in mammalian tooth enamel (δ15Nenamel) records diet and trophic position. The δ15Nenamel of modern African mammals shows a 3.7‰ increase between herbivores and carnivores as expected from trophic enrichment, and there is a strong positive correlation between δ15Nenamel and δ15Nbone-collagen values from the same individuals. Additionally, δ15Nenamel values of Late Pleistocene fossil teeth preserve diet and trophic level information, despite complete diagenetic loss of collagen in the same specimens. We demonstrate that δ15Nenamel represents a powerful geochemical proxy for diet that is applicable to fossils and can help delineate major dietary transitions in ancient vertebrate lineages.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Reply to Ben-Dor and Barkai : a low Zn isotope ratio is not equal to a low Zn content(2023) Jaouen, Klervia; Tütken, Thomas; Bourgon, Nicolas; Lüdecke, Tina; Smith, Geoff M.; Salazar-Garcia, Domingo C.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Méjean, PaulineItem Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access Multi-isotope zooarchaeological investigations at Abri du Maras : the paleoecological and paleoenvironmental context of Neanderthal subsistence strategies in the Rhone Valley during MIS 3(2023) Britton, Kate; Jimenez, Elodie-Laure; Le Corre, Mael; Pederzani, Sarah; Daujeard, Camille; Jaouen, Klervia; Vettese, Delphine; Tütken, Thomas; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Moncel, Marie-HélèneThe exploitation of mid- and large-sized herbivores (ungulates) was central to hominin subsistence across Late Pleistocene Europe. Reconstructing the paleoecology of prey-taxa is key to better understanding procurement strategies, decisions and behaviors, and the isotope analysis of faunal bones and teeth found at archaeological sites represent a powerful means of accessing information about past faunal behaviors. These isotope zooarchaeological approaches also have a near-unique ability to reveal environmental conditions contemporary to the human activities that produced these remains. Here, we present the results of a multi-isotope, multitissue study of ungulate remains from the Middle Paleolithic site of Abri du Maras, southern France, providing new insights into the living landscapes of the Rhône Valley during MIS 3 (level 4.2 = 55 ± 2 to 42 ± 3 ka; level 4.1 = 46 ± 3 to 40 ± 3 ka). Isotope data (carbon, nitrogen) reveal the dietary niches of different ungulate taxa, including the now-extinct giant deer (Megaloceros). Oxygen isotope data are consistent with a mild seasonal climate during level 4.2, where horse (Equus), bison (Bison), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) were exploited year-round. Strontium and sulfur isotope analyses provide new evidence for behavioral plasticity in Late Pleistocene European reindeer (Rangifer) between level 4.2 and level 4.1, indicating a change from the migratory to the sedentary ecotype. In level 4.1, the strong seasonal nature of reindeer exploitation, combined with their nonmigratory behavior, is consistent with a seasonally restricted use of the site by Neanderthals at that time or the preferential hunting of reindeer when in peak physical condition during the autumn.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access First application of dental microwear texture analysis to infer theropod feeding ecology(2022) Winkler, Daniela E.; Kubo, Tai; Kubo, Mugino O.; Kaiser, Thomas M.; Tütken, ThomasTheropods were the dominating apex predators in most Jurassic and Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Their feeding ecology has always been of great interest, and new computational methods have yielded more detailed reconstructions of differences in theropod feeding behaviour. Many approaches, however, rely on well-preserved skulls. Dental microwear texture (DMT) analysis is potentially applicable to isolated teeth, and here employed for the first time to investigate dietary ecology of theropods. In particular, we test whether tyrannosaurids show DMT associated with more hard-object feeding than compared to Allosaurus; this would be a sign for higher levels of osteophagy, as has often been suggested. We find no significant difference in complexity and roughness of enamel surfaces between Allosaurus and tyrannosaurids, which conflicts with inferences of more frequent osteophagic behaviour in Tyrannosaurus as compared to other theropods. Orientation of wear features reveals a more pronounced bi-directional puncture-and-pull feeding mode in Allosaurus than in tyrannosaurids. Our results further indicate ontogenetic niche shift in theropods and crocodylians, based on significantly larger height parameters in juvenile theropods which might indicate frequent scavenging, resulting in more bone–tooth contact during feeding. Overall, DMT is found to be very similar between theropods and extant large, broad-snouted crocodylians and shows great similarity in feeding ecology of theropod apex predators throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous.Item Zeitschriftenaufsatz Open Access A Neandertal dietary conundrum : insights provided by tooth enamel Zn isotopes from Gabasa, Spain(2022) Jaouen, Klervia; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Smith, Geoff M.; Trost, Manuel; Leichliter, Jennifer; Lüdecke, Tina; Méjean, Pauline; Mandrou, Stéphanie; Chmeleff, Jérôme; Guiserix, Danaé; Bourgon, Nicolas; Blasco, Fernanda; Cardoso, Jéssica Mendes; Duquenoy, Camille; Moubtahij, Zineb; Salazar Garcia, Domingo C.; Richards, Michael; Tütken, Thomas; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Utrilla, Pilar; Montes, LourdesThe characterization of Neandertals’ diets has mostly relied on nitrogen isotope analyses of bone and tooth collagen. However, few nitrogen isotope data have been recovered from bones or teeth from Iberia due to poor collagen preservation at Paleolithic sites in the region. Zinc isotopes have been shown to be a reliable method for reconstructing trophic levels in the absence of organic matter preservation. Here, we present the results of zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), carbon (C), and oxygen (O) isotope and trace element ratio analysis measured in dental enamel on a Pleistocene food web in Gabasa, Spain, to characterize the diet and ecology of a Middle Paleolithic Neandertal individual. Based on the extremely low δ66Zn value observed in the Neandertal’s tooth enamel, our results support the interpretation of Neandertals as carnivores as already suggested by δ15N isotope values of specimens from other regions. Further work could help identify if such isotopic peculiarities (lowest δ66Zn and highest δ15N of the food web) are due to a metabolic and/or dietary specificity of the Neandertals.