Crossing the barrier or how regulation of ovastacin controls fertilization and translates into clinical phenotypes

Abstract

The zona pellucida, a glycoprotein matrix enveloping the mammalian egg, exerts essential functions during fertilization and early embryonic development. Its safeguard property regulates sperm entry and thus indirectly controls fertility. Limited proteolysis by the metalloproteinase ovastacin, released from the egg during fertilization, induces hardening of the zona pellucida. This precludes sperm entry and protects the embryo until implantation. However, ovastacin leakage before fertilization causes premature hardening and infertility if activity is not inhibited. This highlights the importance of ovastacin regulation by its endogenous inhibitor, fetuin-B. Accordingly, both loss and excessive ovastacin activity are linked to infertility. Here, we review recent discoveries on how ovastacin is precisely controlled to preserve zona pellucida permeability prior to fertilization and prevent penetration afterward. Based on these molecular mechanisms, we propose explanations for clinical phenotypes of recently discovered genetic mutations in ovastacin and discuss how modulation of ovastacin activity might be employed to regulate fertilization.