Reviewing Gutenberg : historische Konzepte und Rezeptionen

Abstract

Building on the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz’s current self-conception, expressed in the motto “Gutenberg Spirit: Moving Minds – Crossing Boundaries,” the volume Reviewing Gutenberg. Historical Contexts and Receptions (2021) revisits Johannes Gutenberg, his era, and his legacy from an interdisciplinary perspective. Emerging from a conference held in 2018, the volume seeks to critically reassess supposedly established knowledge, open up new contexts, and highlight the complexity of Gutenberg scholarship. It focuses not only on the inventor of movable-type printing himself, but also on the ways in which his person, his invention, and his posthumous remembrance have been historically constructed and repeatedly reinterpreted. The contributions are organized into four thematic sections: the inventor of print, his time and milieu, the impact of his invention, and aspects of Gutenberg reception. A central concern is the re-evaluation of key biographical and topographical assumptions. Gutenberg’s final years, his place of residence and work in Mainz, his date of death, and the transmission of relevant sources are all critically examined. This analysis shows that several long-accepted assumptions — including the location of the so-called Gutenberg Hof and a purportedly secure death notice — do not withstand scrutiny or must be revised. At the same time, the document of 26 February 1468 provides new insights into Gutenberg’s final activity as a printer and establishes a secure terminus ante quem for his death. Particularly significant are the volume’s new findings on the founding of the University of Mainz. The long-standing view that the university project of the 1460s was still poorly developed and advanced only in a rather ad hoc manner is substantially revised. Newly discovered sources, including a petition approved by Pope Paul II in 1469, show that the foundation resulted from a lengthy process of consultation and negotiation between Mainz and Rome and was tied to a remarkably substantial initial endowment. The university thus appears not as a short-term prestige project, but as part of a broader movement of reform and educational renewal. In this context, Gutenberg’s printing press also acquires a new function: it seems to have been closely connected to the plans for the university and may have been intended to remain in Mainz permanently in order to serve future academic needs. The volume also situates Gutenberg firmly within his social and cultural environment. Contributions on figures such as Eberhard Windeck and Rudolph von Rüdesheim, on patrician family structures, naming practices, and urban networks, as well as on production and financing in late medieval Mainz, make clear that Gutenberg’s innovation can only be understood within a densely connected urban milieu. Printing emerges not as an isolated individual achievement, but as the result of collaborative processes involving printers, compositors, punchcutters, financiers, and political actors. The rapid spread of printing along the Rhine and across the Alps is likewise presented as a European process of transformation that fundamentally changed scholarship, education, and communication. A further focus lies on Gutenberg’s reception, which is shaped above all by the scarcity of secure biographical data and by the symbolic charge attached to his invention. Drawing on school textbooks, anniversary celebrations, and museum projects, the volume shows how Gutenberg was appropriated in different periods as a confessional, national, bourgeois, or propagandistic figure. This is especially evident in the commemorations of 1940 and 1968, as well as in plans for the Gutenberg Museum, which was repeatedly envisioned as a “world museum of print.” In this way, the volume demonstrates that Gutenberg is not only a historical inventor, but also a projection figure of collective memory and cultural self-understanding. Overall, the volume offers a source-critical and reception-conscious reassessment of Johannes Gutenberg. It combines biographical revision, institutional history, and memory studies into a differentiated portrait of the inventor, his time, and his legacy. In the tension between innovation, historical scholarship, and university self-definition, it shows how closely Gutenberg remains tied to the scholarly identity of the University of Mainz.