The effectiveness of various CSF diversion surgeries in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is commonly treated using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedures, most commonly ventriculoperitoneal (VP) but also lumboperitoneal (LP), ventriculoatrial (VA) shunting, and endoscopic third-ventriculostomy (ETV). Despite the prevalence of these interventions and recent advancements in iNPH diagnostic processes, there is limited up-to-date evidence regarding surgical outcomes. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to analyse the effects of CSF diversion surgeries among iNPH patients. The primary outcome was efficacy of the CSF diversion procedure, defined as symptomatic improvement, and secondary outcomes included surgical complications. Several major databases were searched for original studies from inception up to June 4, 2024, which were evaluated using random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, and influence analyses. This study was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42023458526. Findings: Out of the 1963 studies screened, 54 were included in this review, and 4811 patients were pooled. Overall, more than 74% of patients experienced improvement after surgical treatment (95% CI: 70–78%). VP shunting demonstrated an efficacy of 75% (95% CI 70–79%), VA shunting at 75% (95% CI: 70–80%), and LP shunting at 70% (95% CI: 52–83%). ETV had a success rate of 69% (95% CI: 58–78%). Gait improvement was high at 72% (95% CI: 67–77%), while urinary and cognitive dysfunction each improved in approximately 50% of patients. The efficacy of surgery did not increase between 2005 and 2024 (p = 0.54). Complications occurred in 20.6% of cases, with a surgery revision rate of 15.1%. Interpretation: This meta-analysis found that the overall efficacy of CSF diversion procedures for iNPH remained unchanged from 2005 to 2024, with 74% of cases showing improvement. No procedure was found to be clearly superior, and only half of the patients saw improvements in urinary and cognitive dysfunction. The stagnant efficacy over time and frequent complications highlight the need for improved patient selection criteria to best identify those most likely to benefit from CSF shunting. Funding: None for this study.