Visual acuity, amblyopia and refractive error in preterm children with and without retinopathy of prematurity : results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Study Young (GPSY)
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Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to assess visual outcomes in children born preterm, stratified by gestational age, hypo- and hypertrophy, and the presence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its treatment.
Methods
This is a prospective observational cohort study (n = 949, 1889 eyes) assessing visual acuity, amblyopia, refractive error, and lens opacifications in a large sample of children born preterm and full-term aged 4–17 years. Covariates included gestational age, birth weight percentile, ROP status and treatment, maternal smoking, placental insufficiency, preeclampsia, breastfeeding, and perinatal adverse events with an adjustment for sex and age. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate associations.
Results
Amblyopia prevalence was mainly associated with a gestational age ≤ 28 weeks (OR = 2.92, p = 0.03), placental insufficiency (OR = 3.84, p = 0.01), and ROP treatment (OR = 15.71, p ≤ 0.001). Distant corrected visual acuity (DCVA) in the better eye was significantly correlated with gestational age (ρ = −0.083; p = 0.01), birth weight (ρ = −0.096; p = 0.004), birth weight percentile (ρ = −0.064; p = 0.05), ROP (ρ = 0.13; p <0.001), ROP treatment (ρ = 0.21; p <0.001), and perinatal adverse events (ρ = 0.135; p <0.001). The spherical equivalent was associated only with ROP treatment [β = −2.91, p < 0.001]. Lens opacifications were significantly larger in the group treated for ROP (p ≤ 0.01).
Conclusions
This study highlights that perinatal factors associated with prematurity affect visual acuity and refractive error as well as the development of amblyopia in children. Mainly, extreme prematurity ≤28 weeks as well as ROP and its treatment are the most important factors affecting visual development.