Authors:	Rezapour, Jasmin Nickels, Stefan Schuster, Alexander K. Michal, Matthias Münzel, Thomas Wild, Philipp Schmidtmann, Irene Lackner, Karl J. Schulz, Andreas Pfeiffer, Norbert Beutel, Manfred E.
Title:	Prevalence of depression and anxiety among participants with glaucoma in a population-based cohort study : the Gutenberg Health Study
Online publication date:	19-Dec-2018
Year of first publication:	2018
Language:	english
Abstract:	Background To investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among subjects with self-reported glaucoma and the association between self-reported glaucoma and depression respectively anxiety in a European cohort. Methods A study sample of 14,657 participants aged 35 to 74 years was investigated in a population-based cohort study. All participants reported presence or absence of glaucoma. Ophthalmological examinations were carried out in all participants and demographic and disease related information were obtained by interview. Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and generalized anxiety with the two screening items (GAD-2) of the short form of the GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale). Prevalence of depression and generalized anxiety were investigated for subjects with and without self-reported glaucoma. Logistic regression analyses with depression, respectively anxiety as dependent variable and self-reported glaucoma as independent variable were conducted and adjusted for socio-demographic factors, systemic comorbidities (arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer), ocular diseases (cataract, macular degeneration, corneal diseases, diabetic retinopathy), visual acuity, intraocular pressure, antiglaucoma eye drops (sympathomimetics, parasympathomimetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, beta-blockers, prostaglandins) and general health status. Results 293 participants (49.5% female) reported having glaucoma. Prevalence of depression among participants with and without self-reported glaucoma was 6.6% (95%-CI 4.1–10.3) respectively 7.7% (95%-CI 7.3–8.2), and for anxiety 5.3% (95%-CI 3.1–8.7) respectively 6.6% (95%-CI 6.2–7.1). Glaucoma was not associated with depression (Odds ratio 1.10, 95%-CI 0.50–2.38, p = 0.80) or anxiety (1.48, 95%-CI 0.63–3.30, p = 0.35) after adjustment for socio-demographic factors, ocular/systemic diseases, ocular parameters, antiglaucoma drugs and general health status. A restriction to self-reported glaucoma cases either taking topical antiglaucoma medications or having a history of glaucoma surgery did not alter the result. Conclusions This is the first study analyzing both depression and anxiety among glaucoma patients in a European cohort. Subjects with and without self-reported glaucoma had a similar prevalence of depression and anxiety in our population-based sample. Self-reported glaucoma was not associated with depression or anxiety. A lack of a burden of depressive symptoms may result from recruitment from a population-based sample as compared to previous study groups predominantly recruited from tertiary care hospitals.
DDC:	610 Medizin 610 Medical sciences
Institution:	Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Department:	FB 04 Medizin
Place:	Mainz
ROR:	https://ror.org/023b0x485
DOI:	http://doi.org/10.25358/openscience-255
Version:	Published version
Publication type:	Zeitschriftenaufsatz
License:	CC BY
Information on rights of use:	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Journal:	BMC ophthalmology 18
Pages or article number:	Art. 157
Publisher:	BioMed Central
Publisher place:	London
Issue date:	2018
ISSN:	1471-2415
Publisher URL:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12886-018-0831-1
Publisher DOI:	10.1186/s12886-018-0831-1
Appears in collections:	JGU-Publikationen